![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() The list here is not all-inclusive by any means, but it indicates the complexity of the societies that scholars have labeled civilizations. Common characteristics of civilizations included food surpluses, higher population densities, social stratification, systems of taxation, labor specialization, regular trade, and accumulated learning (or knowledge passed down from generation to generation). These recent scholars also continue to debate the definition of civilization, and the current compromise amongst World Historians is to recognize characteristics that civilizations tended to share. However, more recent scholars have definitely broadened the geographical focus by recognizing that worldwide from 3500 to 1000 BCE at least seven independent civilizations emerged in different regions. America’s origins in these western civilizations was used to explain our own high level of development. In their studies, civilizations were advanced societies with urban centers, rooted in European or Middle Eastern culture. In the United States, students of history studied Western Civilization, almost exclusively, through the 1950s. The term civilization often elicits mostly idealized images of ancient empires, monumental architecture, and the luxurious lives of ruling classes. 4000 BCE Towns and villages grew along the Nile Riverġ640 – 1570 BCE Egypt’s Second Intermediate Period (Egypt under Hyksos Rule)ġ350 – 1325 BCE Amarna Period (under Pharaoh Akhenaten)ħ50 – 656 BCE The Kingdom of Kush ruled Egypt, creating the “Ethiopian Dynasty”ħ50 – 593 BCE Kingdom of Kush (with capital at Napata)ĥ93 BCE Egyptian army sacked Napata, the capital of Kushĥ93 BCE The Kingdom of Kerma moved its capital to Meroeģ23 BCE Alexander the Great conquered Egypt/Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt ![]()
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